商周青铜觥的整理与研究

【作者】 刘莹莹；

【导师】 张懋镕；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 考古及博物馆学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 青铜觥最早出现于安阳殷墟妇好墓中,属殷墟二期。青铜觥是一类比较特殊的青铜礼器,一般使用于等级较高的墓葬中。它一经出现器形和纹饰各方面就相当完善,在商代晚期数量较多,西周中后期逐渐消失。以往学术界对于青铜觥进行专门研究的学者很少,更是鲜有涉及青铜觥的起源、演变、组合以及和其他器形之间的关系。本文通过搜集出土、传世青铜觥,在前人研究成果基础上,采用统计学、类型学和文化因素分析法等方法对青铜觥进行综合研究。主要包括以下几个部分：第一部分：包括绪论和文章的第一章。梳理了自宋以来青铜觥研究现状,区分了青铜觥在历代著录、研究中出现的与其他器类错用、混用的现象。明确了青铜觥研究的必要性和重要性。动物形觥在形制上和匝、鸟兽尊、爵常被混淆,本文结合相关器类,分析青铜觥的器形特点,试为其形制判定提出依据,并就青铜觥的功用问题有所结论。第二部分：青铜觥的类型学分析。根据青铜觥足部的变化和整体写实感的强弱将其分为三型：A型为动物型觥即三足或四足觥；B型为圈足觥,这个类型的青铜觥数量较多,持续的时间也比较长,基本存在于青铜觥的整个发展阶段。根据这类圈足觥的圈足变化,将其分为圆圈足和方圈足两个亚型；C型指角型觥,它的器形似牛角或兕角,没有复杂的纹饰和动物形象。另外有一些特殊形制的青铜觥也会在文中加以介绍。以类型学研究为基础,将青铜觥划分为四期六段,研究发现殷墟四期,青铜觥在数量上最多,器物形制上最为完善同时精美、大气,为青铜觥发展的高峰期。西周中期数量减少,开始走向衰落。第三部分：出土青铜觥的组合关系及族属分析。本文搜集出土青铜觥共45件,大部分集中于河南、陕西,在山东、山西、河北、江苏、安徽等地只有少量出土。通过对不用时期器物组合的分析、对比,得出出土青铜觥的墓葬等级。对觥的族徽文字进行分析,发现青铜觥为商人和商遗民所用祭祀礼器,且墓主人的社会地位较高,多为方国首领或者上层贵族,握有兵权。在文化因素上,除河南地区以外其他地区青铜觥拥有多种文化元素的融合。第四部分：青铜觥的纹饰分析。通过统计青铜觥各部分纹饰的使用情况发现,装饰中采用满花和“三层花”手法的非常多,动物纹饰的运用尤为发达,通过对纹饰的分析可以看到当时人们的审美眼光和宗教信仰。这也正是青铜觥的背后所蕴含的深刻意义之一。第五部分：青铜觥的衰落。结合出土青铜觥的地域、使用者、以及觥的特殊的功用,总结其逐渐走向消亡的几点原因。青铜觥的消亡和当时特有的政治、历史环境以及其本身的变化有着密切的联系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Now we can see the earliest bronze Gong appeared in Anyang Yingxu Fuhao’s grave which belongs to the second period. Bronze Gong is a kind of very special bronze sacrificial Gong, and once it appeared with quite perfect wares and grain. In late Shang Dynasty, bronze Gong had a great proportion, but in Western Zhou Dynasty it gradually disappeared. In the past, researchers rarely devoted few involves bronze Gong in the process of research for bronze Gong, specially for the origin, evolution, combination relations and other relations among various shapes.Based on previous research results, this paper collects unearthed bronze Gongs and other kinds of bronze Gongs,and uses the statistics, typology and cultural factors analysis to do the study of bronze Gong. This paper mainly includes the following aspects:Part 1:Combed the research papers on the bronze Gong since the Song Dynasty. Bronze Gong distinguished records in history with the study that appeared wrong with the other class. This part shows the necessity and importance of the bronze Gong study.Part 2:The process of bronze Gong’s naming,use and development. Since Wang guowei’s "shuo gong",the name of "gong "has been known to use. Although RongGeng, MaChengYuan, ZhuFengHan etc are presented in the Gong of Wang guowei’s Theory, but due to view somewhat questionable, no conclusive evidence to give its more appropriate named, and that has become a serious statement, therefore continue conventional. Bronze Gong has been recognized as a bartender, we have to analysis that it is a kind of container using for bartender or drink, then make conclusions. Unearthed bronze Gongs’ burial analysis. We collect 45 pieces of unearthed bronze Gongs, mostly in Henan, Shannxi Province, and Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui Province, etc with small. After classificating the different areas’unearthed bronze Gongs, we can find the bronze Gongs have strong nationality-belonging features. Merchants and adherents of Shang Dynasty owned bronze Gongs and most of them had higher social position, even as party chief or the upper nobleman. So in the cultural factors, a bronze Gong mixes a variety of cultural elements. Although we say the unearthed bronze Gong tombs and artifacts from the factors with Shang culture, except Henan other areas regions’ unearthed artifacts had local culture aesthetic characteristics.Part 3:Bronze Gong’s typology analysis. According to the bronze Gong foot changes and the strength of the overall sense of realism, which is divided into three type, type A Gong for Animy type with three legs or four feet. Type B for ring foot Gong has the number of making special fine. And this shape lasts the longest in the history, basicly exists in the whole Gong development phase. According to this kind of ring foot changes, we can divide them into two subtype. C Gong is mentioned before meaning Angle Gong which is completely different from Gong A and B. In shape, this Gong did not have various animal shapes,just like ox horn or Si angle. And in fact, this type of Gong did not find unearthed and descriptive literature on book. A special type of bronze Gong. Due to the particularity, the makers must do the production technology in pursuit mature,and the ingenious interior design will also break the general design pattern shape. Some mixed the beast Pan and implements together, while some were just combination of the two animals.Part 4:Bronze Gong decorative style’s analysis. After analysising every part of bronze Gongs decorative usage,we can find most of bronze Gongs using "man hua" and "san ceng hua" technique. Anything Else the design is distinctive in detail. The decorative materials covered very much, but most of them were about animals. Through the analysis for the shape in the cover we can see where people aesthetic vision and religion, and the respect of ritualist and affection. This is also the bronze Gong with profound significance.Part 5:Bronze Gong function transformation and decline. Taking unearthed bronze Gong’s region, users, and the special use we can summarize the reason why bronze Gong dispear.更多还原