长江中游盘龙城兴衰的环境背景研究

【作者】 周驿佳；

【导师】 毛龙江；

【作者基本信息】 南京信息工程大学 ， 科学技术史， 2025， 硕士

【摘要】 盘龙城遗址作为商时期长江中游地区的商文化类型古城,其在长江中游的重要性可见一斑。盘龙城遗址中保留的完整的沉积环境记录,反映了其自兴建至废弃过程中环境背景与人类活动关系的演变。通过分析盘龙城与其他中原地区商代古城之间发展的同步关系,还可以充分了解中原商文化在长江中游的演变过程。因此,盘龙城成为研究长江中游地区古人类活动与环境相互作用的理想遗址。本文以盘龙城遗址为研究对象,通过对遗址南部王家嘴发掘的钻孔岩心（PLC）进行AMS¹⁴C测年、粒度、色度、磁化率、TOC、TN和地球化学元素等沉积物高分辨率指标的分析测试,结合考古地层学分析,重建盘龙城遗址兴衰关系背后的环境演化过程。通过古环境重建与历史文献学的综合分析,本文还进一步探讨了长江中游地区遗址的时空分布关系,以及盘龙城与商时期中原古城的同步发展关系,明确了盘龙城兴衰背后的驱动机制。最终获得如下结论:（1）盘龙城兴衰的主要驱动机制表现为水文地貌、气候环境的制约以及古人类社会生产活动的影响。3650～3460 a BP期间对应盘龙城建立的初始期。此阶段长江中游处于降温期并伴有暖湿趋势,府河水位上涨,且水热条件好。古人类定居在府河北部的王家嘴岗地上,便于取水与防洪。此时盘龙城的古人类修筑了黄土台地,且存在大量生产活动。3460～3300 a BP对应盘龙城的繁荣发展时期,此时盘龙城升级为城市,在长江中游的影响力达到顶峰。这一阶段长江中游气候冷干,风化作用减弱,府河的水热条件变差,水位下降暴露出更多土地。古人类开始将王家嘴用作耕种与手工业生产区,城市重心转移至宫城区。此时盘龙城内进行大规模的手工业生产活动,对外还大量收集来自南方的铜矿、原始瓷等资源,成为了中原商王朝收取贡赋和珍稀铜矿资源的中转站。盘龙城成为长江中游的区域性文化中心。3300～3200 a BP对应盘龙城发展的衰退期。这一阶段长江中游气温进一步下降,降水减少,流域内湖泊收缩。盘龙城将中心迁移至并不宜居的杨家湾,并有意识地整饬土地。这一阶段虽然仍旧存在丰富的人类活动,但城市对周围聚落的影响力下降。最终盘龙城于3200 a BP左右遭到废弃,其原因可能与气候的干冷恶化、资源的匮乏、与周边城市文化交流和贸易活动减少以及郑州商城的衰落有关。（2）重建长江中游地区自石家河文化时期至商代的环境演变过程,并探讨人类活动对区域环境变化的适应机制。结果显示,4500～4200 a BP,气候凉干且不稳定,粮食减产迫使人类破坏森林,为寻求资源整合建立了石家河古城;4200～3900 a BP,极端天气事件带来了洪水频发与干旱交替,区域内稻作农业遭到破坏,石家河古城废弃。石家河文化衰落,后石家河文化出现,古人类朝着山地与低纬度平原迁移,活动范围扩大,但区域内遗址数量锐减;3800～3500 a BP,气候干凉且伴有回暖,江汉湖群扩张,区域内水热条件较好。中原二里头文化开始沿长江干、支流传播至长江中游,此时建立的聚落遗址数量较少;3500～3200 a BP,气候持续凉干,风化作用减弱,区域内河湖水位下降,暴露出更多土地。此时商文化沿长江传播至长江中游地区,形成了大批具有商文化属性的遗址群。此阶段古人类开始主动改造聚落点的生活环境,因而对自然环境的适应能力增强;3200 a BP左右,气候环境进一步恶化,水热条件遭到破坏,以盘龙城为中心的遗址群遭到废弃,中原文化退出长江中游。（3）通过对长江中游遗址点时空分布特征的GIS分析研究发现,新石器晚期的古人类对自然环境的依赖程度较高,其聚落遗址主要集中在资源丰富、地势平坦、光照充足且靠近水源的平原地区,且分布范围相对集中。然而,到了二里头和商时期,人类的活动范围显著扩大,开始涉足不同地貌类型区域,显示出人类对土地的开发能力和适应性显著增强,对光照条件的依赖性有所降低,但遗址仍多靠近水源分布。进一步对比分析商代古城的发展情况表明,盘龙城在选址、布局和社会属性上与中原商代古城存在诸多相似之处,同时也有其独特性。在地貌环境方面,盘龙城与中原商代古城均呈现出沿山、临水和趋高的特点;在城市布局上,盘龙城与中原都城级别的城市较为相似。从社会属性来看,盘龙城涵盖了政治、经济与文化等多个方面,其城市职能广泛,显示出其在商代古城中的独特地位。此外,盘龙城的城市等级普遍高于其他地方性城市,其城市规格以及随葬品的丰富程度在商代古城中也极为罕见。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an ancient city of Shang culture type in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in Shang Dynasty,Panlongcheng site’s importance in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River can be seen.The complete record of sedimentary environment preserved in Panlongcheng site reflects the evolution of the relationship between environmental background and human activities from construction to abandonment.By analyzing the synchronous relationship between Panlongcheng and other Shang ancient cities in the Central Plains,we can fully understand the evolution process of Shang culture in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.Therefore,Panlongcheng has become an ideal site to study the interaction between ancient human activities and the environment in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.In this paper,Panlongcheng site is taken as the research object,and the high-resolution indexes such as AMS¹⁴C dating,granularity,chromaticity,magnetic susceptibility,TOC,TN and geochemical elements are analyzed and tested by drilling cores（PLC）excavated from Wangjiazui in the south of the site.Combined with archaeological stratigraphic analysis,the environmental evolution process behind the rise and fall of Panlongcheng site is reconstructed.Through the comprehensive analysis of ancient environment reconstruction and historical philology,this paper further discusses the temporal and spatial distribution relationship of sites in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River,and the synchronous development relationship between Panlongcheng and the ancient city of Central Plains in Shang Dynasty,and clarifies the driving mechanism behind the rise and fall of Panlongcheng.Finally,the following conclusions are obtained:（1）The main driving mechanism of the rise and fall of Panlongcheng is the restriction of hydrology and geomorphology,climate and environment and the influence of production activities of ancient human society.3650～3460 a BP corresponds to the initial period of the establishment of Panlongcheng.At this stage,the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are in a cooling period with a warm and humid trend,and the water level of Fuhe River is rising,and the hydrothermal conditions are good.Ancient humans settled in Wangjiazui hillock in the north of Fuhe River,which was convenient for water intake and flood control.At this time,the ancient people in Panlongcheng built a loess platform,and there were a lot of production activities.3460～3300 a BP corresponds to the prosperity and development period of Panlongcheng,when Panlongcheng was upgraded to a city and its influence in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River reached its peak.At this stage,the climate in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is cold and dry,the weathering is weakened,the hydrothermal conditions of Fuhe River become worse,and the water level drops to expose more land.Ancient humans began to use Wangjiazui as a farming and handicraft production area,and the focus of the city shifted to Gongcheng District.At this time,large-scale handicraft production activities were carried out in Panlong City,and a large number of copper mines,primitive porcelain and other resources from the south were collected,which became a transit point for the Shang Dynasty in the Central Plains to collect tribute and rare copper resources.Panlongcheng has become a regional cultural center in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.3300～3200 a BP corresponds to the decline period of Panlongcheng development.At this stage,the temperature in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River dropped further,the precipitation decreased,and the lakes in the basin contracted.Panlongcheng moved its center to Yangjiawan,which is uninhabitable,and consciously put in order the land.Although there are still abundant human activities at this stage,the influence of the city on the surrounding settlements has declined.In the end,Panlongcheng was abandoned around 3200 a BP,which may be related to the deterioration of dry and cold climate,the lack of resources,the reduction of cultural exchanges and trade activities with surrounding cities and the decline of Zhengzhou Mall.（2）Reconstruct the environmental evolution process in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from Shijiahe culture period to Shang Dynasty,and explore the adaptation mechanism of human activities to regional environmental changes.4500～4200 a BP the climate background in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River shows that the climate is cool,dry and unstable.The reduction of grain production forces human beings to destroy forests,thus establishing the ancient city of Shijiahe for resource integration;4200～3900 a BP extreme weather events brought frequent floods and droughts,destroyed rice farming in the region,and abandoned Shijiahe ancient city.The Shijiahe culture declined,and the post-Shijiahe culture appeared.Ancient humans migrated to mountainous areas and low-latitude plains,and their activities expanded,but the number of sites in the region decreased sharply.3800～3500a BP,the climate is dry and cool with warming,Jianghan Lake Group expands,and the hydrothermal conditions in the region are good.Erlitou culture in the Central Plains began to spread to the middle reaches of the Yangtze River along the trunk and tributaries,and the number of settlement sites established at this time was small;3500～3200 BP,the climate continued to cool and dry,weathering weakened,the water level of regional inland rivers and lakes decreased,and more land was exposed.Shang culture spread along the Yangtze River to the middle reaches of the Yangtze River,forming a large number of sites with Shang cultural attributes.Ancient humans began to actively transform the living environment of settlements,thus enhancing their adaptability to the natural environment;Around 3200 BP,the climate and environment deteriorated further,the hydrothermal conditions were destroyed,the ruins with Panlongcheng as the center were abandoned,and the Central Plains culture withdrew.（3）Through the GIS analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the sites in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River,it is found that ancient people in the late Neolithic period were highly dependent on the natural environment,and their settlement sites were mainly concentrated in the plain areas with rich resources,flat terrain,sufficient light and close to water sources,and the distribution range was relatively concentrated.However,in Erlitou and Shang Dynasty,the range of human activities was significantly expanded,and people began to set foot in different landform types,which showed that human ability and adaptability to land development were significantly enhanced,and the dependence on lighting conditions was reduced,but the sites were still distributed near water sources.Further comparative analysis of the development of the ancient city of Shang Dynasty shows that Panlongcheng has many similarities with the ancient city of Shang Dynasty in site selection,layout and social attributes,but it also has its own uniqueness.In terms of geomorphic environment,Panlongcheng and the ancient city of Shang Dynasty in Central Plains are characterized by mountain,water and elevation.In terms of urban layout,Panlong City is similar to the cities at the capital level of Central Plains.From the perspective of social attributes,Panlong City covers many aspects such as politics,economy and culture,and its urban functions are extensive,showing its unique position in the ancient city of Shang Dynasty.In addition,the city level of Panlong City is generally higher than other local cities,and its city specifications and the richness of funerary objects are extremely rare in the ancient city of Shang Dynasty.更多还原