【作者】 杜鹃；

【导师】 衣长春；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 中国史， 2024， 博士

【摘要】 旗地是八旗土地制度的重要内容,也是八旗制度得以维系的重要经济基础。它对八旗农业经济发展,旗人社会结构稳固等方面发挥着关键作用。旗地作为清代特殊的土地占有形式,共包括三部分:其一,为盛京旗地;其二,为京畿旗地;其三,则为驻防旗地。三项旗地中以京畿旗地为盛。京畿旗地的发端在清廷肇建之际,“从龙入关”使八旗人员生存与土地需求不匹配的矛盾愈加突出,为此清廷自顺治初年便开始推行圈地、投充等政策。这一系列举措实施为京畿旗地形成奠定基础。但由于圈地与投充并不是经济与自然生产力选择的结果,而是清廷为满足八旗子弟对土地需要展开的活动,是以行政强制力调整土地关系的手段,所以京畿旗地在形成过程中产生了一系列问题。虽然统治者采取了召民承种、补拨、退地等措施,但上述措施以保障八旗土地制度为第一要义,所以无法彻底消除圈地、投充带来的影响。至清中期,清廷局势逐渐稳固,京畿旗地也基本定型。但由于旗下人口不断增多,旗人生计问题也逐渐凸显。统治者围绕旗地解决旗人生计问题的主要办法有井田法,和回赎旗地。清廷所实行的井田法与回赎旗地等政策,都是由国家主导,以行政手段干预并拯救旗人生计。这两项举措的实行,不仅反映出国家法度与民间社会经济之间的交锋与互动博弈,也说明了清代赖以兴盛、稳固的八旗制度、“旗民分治”的二元社会结构,至乾隆时代已从强有力的工具,向需要人为保护的“八旗传统”转化。随着八旗生计问题不断凸显,旗地出现民田化趋势。清廷为阻滞这一趋势,并将旗地控制在国家手中,逐渐形成八项专册奏报的旗租地。因此,京畿旗地上既有私人庄园,也有官方控制的国有旗地。也正因两种性质旗地的存在,让京畿旗地上的地租有了官、私之别。在旗地管理上,清廷沿用了入关之前的庄头制度。但京畿旗地上的庄头制度与后金时期相较,发展出不同的面相。主要表现在庄头种类及数量增多、庄头任用方式多渠道化、庄头权益变化等。京畿旗地上的庄头虽仍旧是庄园的管理者与劳动者,但在身份上却具有“二元性”的特征。这种“二元性”使清廷对庄头管理存在权力真空,也使庄头成为介乎旗民之间的中间群体。庄头多利用制度空隙在经济、政治寻求投机。总体来说,庄头既博弈在八旗与州县之间,形成自身规制,又借助国家规范对制度进行应对与形塑。庄头管理与被管理对直隶地区基层社会构建有重要影响。由于京畿旗地分布广泛,清廷为加强旗地管控,还制定旗民分治的政策。随着社会发展,旗民之间的界限愈发模糊,旗民杂处居住的格局逐渐形成。清廷为了便于管理,将民人社会所实行的保甲法引入旗人社会。旗人保甲的实施,使京畿旗地上的旗人社会形成了“户—牌—甲—保”的多层级管理结构,清廷还利用门牌及循环册制度实现了对旗人基层的权力渗透。另外,清廷还利用旗人基层组织社会中的佐领、骁骑校、领催等,完成对旗地交易的监管,他们在旗地交易契约中充当作保说合角色。上述种种反映了京畿旗地上民间经济行为与官方意志的联动。更多还原

【Abstract】 Bannerland is the core content of the Qing dynasty.It plays a crucial role in the development of the agricultural economy and the stability of the social structure of the banner people.As a special form of land occupation in the Qing Dynasty,it consists of three parts:the first is the Shengjing Banner land,the second is the Jingji Banner land,and the third is the Garrison Banner land,with the Jingji Banner being particularly prosperous.The origin of the Jingji Banner was at the time of the Qing government’s establishment,when the contradiction between the survival of the Banners and the land demand became increasingly prominent due to the"entry from the dragon".Therefore,the Qing government began to implement policies such as land enclosure and investment since the early years of Shunzhi,and the implementation of these measures ultimately laid the foundation for the complete formation of the Jingji Banner.However,due to the fact that land enclosure and investment were not the result of economic and natural productivity choices,but rather the activities carried out by the Qing government to meet the land needs of the children of the Eight Banners.They were a means of adjusting land relations through administrative coercion,which also caused a series of problems in the formation of the Jingji Banner.Although the Qing government also took measures such as calling on the people to inherit land,supplementing allocation,and returning land,it was because it was to ensure the land system of the Eight Banners as the first priority,Therefore,it is impossible to completely eliminate the impact of enclosure and charging.In the middle of the Qing Dynasty,the national situation gradually stabilized and the Jingji Banner was also basically established.However,due to the collapse of the Eight Banners system and the continuous increase in the population under the banner,the issue of the banner’s livelihood gradually became prominent.The Qing government mainly solved the problem of the banner’s livelihood through the well field law and the redemption of the banner land.The policies implemented by the Qing government,such as the well field law and the redemption of the banner land,were led by the national government and intervened in saving the banner’s livelihood through administrative means,The implementation of these two measures not only reflects the confrontation and interactive game between national laws and civil society economy,but also demonstrates the prosperous and stable Eight Banners system and the binary social structure of"dividing the flag and the people"that relied on in the Qing Dynasty.By the Qianlong era,it had begun to transform from a powerful tool to a"national treasure"that needed human protection.With the continuous highlighting of the livelihood issues in the Banners,there was a trend of nationalization of the banner land.In order to block this trend and control the banner land in the hands of the state,the Qing government gradually formed the Eight Banner Special Register of Rented Land in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.This results in both private estates and officially controlled state-owned land on the land of the Jingji Banner.And it is precisely because of the existence of the two types of banner land that the rent on the land of the Jingji Banner is different from that of the government and private.In terms of banner land management,the Qing government continued to use the system of village heads before entering the country.However,compared to the Later Jin period,the system of village heads in the Jingji Banner developed different appearances,mainly manifested in the increase in the types and quantities of village heads,the multi-channel appointment of village heads,and changes in village head rights and interests.Although the manors on the land of the Jingji Banner were still the managers and laborers of the manors,they had a binary characteristic in their identity.This duality created a power vacuum in the Qing government’s management of the manors,and also made the manors an intermediate group between the banner and the people.The manors also used institutional gaps to seek speculation in the economy and politics.In other words,the manors played a game between the Eight Banners and the states and counties to form their own regulations,By leveraging national norms to respond and reshape the system,it has a significant impact on the construction of grassroots society in the Zhili region.Due to the widespread distribution of the Jingji Banners,the Qing government also formulated a policy of dividing the rule of the Banners and the people in order to strengthen control over the Banners.However,with the development of society,the boundaries between the Banners and the people became increasingly blurred,and the living pattern of the mixed areas of the Banners and the people gradually formed.Therefore,the Qing government introduced the Baojia Law implemented by the Han society into the Banner society.The implementation of banner Baojia led to the formation of a multi-level management structure of"household license plate armor protection"in the bannermen society on the land of the Jingji Banner.The Qing government also utilized the system of doorplates and circular registers to achieve power infiltration into the grassroots of bannermen.Moreover,the Qing government also utilized grassroots organizations.They played a role as guarantors in the banner land transaction contract,and this situation reflected the linkage between civil economic behavior and official will in the Jingji banner land.更多还原